Anatomy Circulatory system of the horse

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1 anatomy

1.1 heart
1.2 blood , blood vessels
1.3 spleen
1.4 frog





anatomy
heart

the equine heart muscular pump circulates blood throughout body. more glenoid in shape human heart , consists of 4 chambers: left , right atria, , left , right ventricles. average adult horse has 3.6-kilogram (7.9 lb) heart, although can more twice size. heart grows until horse 4 years of age, although can increase in size response conditioning. heart size not correlate size of horse.


circulatory capacity partially determined functional mass of heart , spleen. once oxygen has entered bloodstream must transported working muscle , waste products removed. equine cardiovascular system hugely compliant heart rate range 20 240 beats per minute , splenic red cell reserve able double packed cell volume , oxygen delivery during maximal exercise. however, studies on thoroughbreds have shown proportion of skeletal muscle exceeds 50% of body weight, , energetic capacity of muscular system far exceeds capacity of cardiovascular system deliver oxygen.


blood , blood vessels

blood made of red blood cells (erythrocytes) , white blood cells (leukocytes), plasma. produced in bone marrow, red blood cells responsible carrying oxygen tissue , removing carbon dioxide, via hemoglobin. white blood cells used defense against pathogens in immune system. plasma suspends blood cells, contains clotting factors, , contributes greatest volume of blood.


the heart , blood vessels contain approximately 34 l (9.0 us gal) of blood in 450 kg (990 lb) horse, equates 76 ml/kg (1.2 oz/lb).


spleen

the spleen removes damaged red blood cells circulation. holds blood cells, releasing them during exertion increase blood volume , amount of oxygen transported tissues.


frog

the horse hoof contains structural component known frog , covers deeper structure of hoof known digital cushion, vessel-filled tissue. when horse places weight on leg, ground pushes upward on frog, compressing , underlying digital cushion. results in squeezing blood out of digital cushion, helps pump leg, helping heart work against gravity.








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