Examples Winner and loser effects

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agkistrodon contortrix, known copperhead snake


copperhead snakes rely on aggressive behaviours fight perspective mate. since aggressive behaviours in species selected reproduction, winner , loser effects have effect on these aggressive behaviours , therefore animals reproductive success. male copperhead snakes, have not had aggressive interaction in months, when put in situation fight female win encounter on basis body size larger of other fighter.


when copperhead snakes tested see if winner effects affect ability win encounter found there no winner effect. attributed winners accept challenges other males (even if larger), , found more excitable because of this. indicated previous experience in winners not increase ability reproduce lose fight if snake of larger size challenges them.


copperhead snakes tested see if loser effects present. done first placing 2 neutral snakes of same size in arena, , placing 1 time loser snake against neutral snake results compared. found loser effects present snakes had lost previous encounters more lose again. losing effect in copperhead snake strong in encounters loser snake 10% larger, lose if had more 1 previous loss.


winner , loser effects in blue-footed boobies

sula nebouxii, known blue-footed booby


blue-footed boobies show frequency dependent dominant-submissive behavioural strategy. in these birds, nestlings develop 1 of following strategies, either dominant or submissive. if first born chicks showed aggression on towards siblings became dominant member, while if chick non-aggressive on, adopted submissive strategy. winner , loser effects seen in species due behavioural strategy.


winner effects shown when established dominant chicks placed against non-experienced chicks in study drummond. dominant chicks seen more win aggressive encounter non-experienced chick, when non experienced chick larger dominant chick. attributed established dominant chicks being 6 times more aggressive non-experienced chicks due having previous wins.


loser effects shown when established submissive chicks placed against non-experienced chicks in same study drummond. submissive chicks seen less win aggressive encounter non-experienced chick, when non-experienced chick smaller submissive chick. attributed established submissive chicks being 7 times less aggressive non-experienced chicks due having previous losses.


this experiment performed drummond done 10 days , showed on length of study winner effects less powerful on time, while strength of loser effects remained constant.








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