Criticism White Revolution

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shah mohammad reza pahlavi speaking principles of white revolution


the white revolution received of criticism 2 main groups: clergy, , landlords. landlords angry land reforms because land bought government , sold in smaller plots citizenry @ lower price. did not appreciate government undercutting authority when came dealing peasants or land laborers.


the powerful shī‘ah clergy angered @ reforms removed of traditional powers in realms of education , family law, lessening strong influence in rural areas. large percentage of upper echelon of clergy came landowning families affected reform , absentee rent income went directly clergy , institutions. rents estimated 10,000 villages rents helped finance clerical establishment eligible redistribution.


the group, or more appropriately, man openly opposed white revolution , shah himself ruhollah khomeini. although clergy in iran not happy many aspects of white revolution, such granting suffrage women, , secular local election bill land reforms, clergy whole not actively protesting. khomeini, on other hand, seemed undergo serious change of thought traditional role , practices of shi’i clergy, , actively spoke out against new reforms , shah. khomeini’s famous speech @ feyziyeh school in june 1963 spoke out against shah’s brutality towards student protests, , first time, speech attacking shah person. speech did lead khomeini’s exile, being outside of iran did not stop khomeini’s protests, nor did weaken influence inside iran.


khomeini attacked provisions of reforms allow members of iran s non-muslim minority elected or appointed local offices:



i have repeatedly pointed out government has evil intentions , opposed ordinances of islam. ... ministry of justice has made clear opposition ordinances of islam various measures abolition of requirement judges muslim , male; henceforth, jews, christians, , enemies of islam , muslims decide on affairs concerning honor , person of muslims.



a couple months later on ashura, khomeini gave angry speech attacking shah wretched miserable man 2 days later, on june 5, khomeini arrested. sparked 3 days of rioting , left several hundred dead. riots remembered in speeches , writings time when army slaughtered no less 15,000 . khomeini released house arrest in april 1964 sent exile november.








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