From Tiberius to Vitellius History of the Constitution of the Roman Empire

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the curia julia in roman forum, seat of imperial senate


arguably, significant flaw in constitution left augustus concerned matter of succession. deadly flaw violently exposed in year 69. augustus had established standing army, individual soldiers served under same military governors in same provinces on extended period of time. consequence soldiers in provinces developed degree of loyalty commanders, did not have emperor. empire was, in sense, union of inchoate principalities, have disintegrated @ time. first indication of nationalist movement appeared in gaul (modern france) in 68, movement ended when leader, c. julius vindex, defeated army under l. verginius rufus. rufus governor of upper germany, , while declared imperator soldiers, decided not use support march on rome , make himself emperor. did not decline opportunity because loyal emperor nero, rather because of own low birth, , belief low birth might make difficult him accomplish emperor. shortly after rufus had been declared imperator, ser. sulpicius galba, governor of hispania tarraconensis, proclaimed emperor troops. in rome, emperor nero lost supporters , committed suicide. galba, however, did not prove wise leader. chose punish rufus troops, , antagonize praetorian guard not fulfilling promises had been made them.


the governor of lower germany, a. vitellius, proclaimed emperor troops, , in rome, praetorian guard proclaimed m. salvius otho emperor. in january 69, galba assassinated, , senate proclaimed otho emperor. otho took army germany defeat vitellius, himself defeated vitellius. committed suicide, , vitellius proclaimed emperor senate. general, vespasian, defeated vitellius. vitellius executed, , vespasian named augustus, elected consul, , given tribunician powers. result of these events illustrated key weakness in augustus constitution. method of succession in part based on heredity, , if dead emperor s next-of-kin had support of praetorian guard, installation emperor reasonably assured. however, nero s death, julian line had been extinguished. thus, events of 69 showed armies in provinces ultimate electoral bodies , , successful general legitimately claim right throne. became apparent that, while senate might acquiesce installation of new emperor, such acquiescence matter of form. flaw contribute ultimate fall of roman empire.








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