Asia Evolution of the Dutch Empire

1 asia

1.1 dutch east indies
1.2 dutch india
1.3 formosa
1.4 malacca
1.5 iran
1.6 iraq
1.7 pakistan
1.8 yemen
1.9 bangladesh
1.10 oman
1.11 burma
1.12 thailand
1.13 malaysia
1.14 cambodia
1.15 vietnam
1.16 china
1.17 japan

asia
dutch east indies

dutch east indies comprised , formed basis of later indonesia. first dutch conquests made among portuguese trading posts in maluku spice islands in 1605. spice islands out of way dutch trade routes china , japan, jayakarta on java captured , fortified in 1619. batavia , became asian headquarters of east india company (voc). company administered islands directly on for-profit model restricted of attention java, southern sumatra, , bangka. english incursions curtailed 1623 amboyna massacre attack left bad blood , prompted series of anglo-dutch wars. company , territories nationalized during napoleonic wars after british attacks bankrupted it. during 19th , 20th centuries, dutch expanded throughout archipelago. following 1940 german occupation of netherlands , 1942 japanese occupation of indonesia during world war ii, indonesian independence declared in august 1945 , – following prolonged revolution – recognized in december 1949.

dutch new guinea retained separately until 1962, when transferred indonesia under pressure united states amid escalation of vietnam war.

dutch india

dutch india composed of colonies , trading posts administered east indies company (voc) , directly dutch government after voc s collapse.

ceylon (zeylan; modern sri lanka) principal interest of dutch in india: provided cinnamon , elephants , serviced trade between south africa , east indies. voc wrested portuguese control during 1630s, 1640s, , 1650s although, portuguese, never able control interior of island.

coromandel major dutch colony on mainland. grew fort @ pulicat (geldria) captured portuguese in 1609. comprised india s southeastern coromandel coast across ceylon. surat (suratte) administered dutch outposts in gujarat after 1616. outposts in bengal (bengalen) consolidated after chinsura (gustavius) fortified in 1635. malabar conquered portuguese in 1660s , administered cochin.

amid napoleonic wars, malabar , suratte yielded british in 1795; ceylon in 1802; , bengal , coromandel in 1824.

formosa

formosa dutch colony on taiwan. based @ fort zeelandia 1624 1662, when koxinga conquered island. island source of sugarcane , buckskin, entrepot merchants chinese mainland.

malacca

malacca important port on western malay peninsula controlling strait of malacca. seized portuguese in 1641. during napoleonic wars, yielded britain in 1806; later returned in 1816 , ceded again in 1824.

iran

an asterisk (*) designates trading post.

band-e kong (1690)*

bandar-e abbas (1623–1758)* dutch east indies company founded office in gamron in 1623. here purchased wool , attar of roses , above silk. sold spices, cotton fabrics, porcelain, opium, , japanese lacquer work. gamron had garrison comprising around 20 european employees , 20 persian staff. in 1729 dutch attempted, without success, move factory bandar-e abbas island of hormuz. in 1758 company decided close station @ bandar-e abbas.

bushehr (1738–1753)*

esfahan (1623–1747)* in 1623 huybert visnich established trading station in isfahan , concluded commercial treaty shah. esfahan capital of kingdom of persia. dutch east indies company bought silk shah in exchange spices , military protection. obliged maintain office in ispahan due endless negotiations shah trading concessions. in 1722 ispahan conquered afghans. during time dutch kept virtual prisoners in factory. in 1727 factory had abandoned because inner city reserved afghans only. dutch staff moved jolfa. in 1747 dutch east india company office closed.

kerman (1659–1744)* dutch trading station opened @ kerman in 1659. remained in operation, interruptions, until 1744. town of kerman known wool trade.

khark (1753–1766) khark island in north of persian gulf near basra. in khark baron tido von kniphausen, formerly dutch east india company agent in bassora, built fort mosselstein in 1753 javanese sugar , indian textiles offered sale. in 1766 fort plundered persian army.

lar (1631)

qeshm (1685)

shiraz (???)

iraq

al basrah (1645–1646, 1651)*

pakistan

the dutch had trading office in city of sindi (now thatta) 1652-1660.

yemen

aden (1620)* on 22 august 1620, dutch ship t wapen van zeelandt reached aden. here dutch rented house. when ship left aden, 5 servants , supply of goods (worth 42.000 guilders) left in trading post under charge of harman van gil. van gil went sana muhammad basha granted dutch permission build trading office in mocha. in november/december 1620 van gil transferred company s goods mocha , closed temporary office in aden.

al mukha (1621–1623, 1639–1739)* van gil arrived in mocha on 28 january 1621 , there founded dutch trading office. harman van gil died in july 1621. willem jacobsz de milde appointed chief of trading office. trading office closed in april 1623 due problems yemenite governors. reopened in 1639-1739.

ash shihr (1614–1616)*

bangladesh

dhaka(1664–1704)*

oman

muscat(1674)*

burma

bandel (1608–1631, 1634)*

syriam (1635–1679)*

ava (1635–1679)*

mandalay (1625–1665)*

martaban (1660)*

pegu (???)*

thailand

ayutthaya*

bangkok*

nakon si thammarat*

pattani*

phuket*

songkhla*

malaysia

the ruins of dutch fort @ telak gedung, malaysia

melaka*

kuala kedah*

kuala linggi

kuala selangor

tanjung putus*

ilha das naus

kota belanda (1670–1743, 1745–1748) origins of fort can traced 1670. @ time, dutch had monopoly on export of tin in perak. fort built protect tin trade. located in fishing village of teluk gedung on pangkor island. fort built in 1651 destroyed. in 1670, batavia ordered construction of new wooden fort. ten years later replaced brick one. in 1690, malays under leadership of panglima kulup attacked, damaging fort , killing several dutchmen. settlement temporarily abandoned until 1743, when dutch returned , repaired it. dutch stationed 60 soldiers here, including of 30 europeans.

in 1748, dutch built fort near perak river. following dutch administrators ordered abandonment of fort. in 1973, museums department rebuilt fort , tourist attraction.

cambodia

phnom penh*

laauweck (1620–1622, 1667)* town of lawec in cambodia situated halfway along mekong river on way phnom penh. dutch east india company set trading post @ lauweck in 1620, trade there proved disappointing, , 2 years later company shut post down. new lawec trading post opened in 1636, , sold british in 1651, discontinuities corresponding anglo-dutch wars of era. meanwhile, 1636 1670 dutch merchants lived @ udong on semi-permanet basis. in 1667 company left cambodia durably (to continue regional trade expanding holdings in indonesia). besides deer hides , ray skins, cambodia functioned source of provisions batavia such rice, butter, salted pork, , lard.

vietnam

hanoi (1636–1699)* towards end of 1630s, company signed agreement king of tonkin , opened trading post in or near today s hanoi. country major silk producer. silk dutch east india company bought there particularly valuable trade japan. company maintained trading post in tonkin 1636 1699. trading post run opperhoofd or supervisor.

hoi an*

china

fuzhou (????-1681)* after loss of taiwan chinese in 1662, dutch east india company tried gain access chinese porcelain , silk trade @ port of fuzhou. company s attempts trade there hampered string of bureaucratic restrictions. although trading post @ fuzhou barely made profit, company kept open until 1681.

huangpu (1728) whampoa, island situated in zhujiang river, served harbour city of canton. dutch warehouse built here.

canton (1749–1803)* tea , porcelain principal products purchased dutch east india company in canton (now known guangzhou). in 18th century company rented permanent premises in canton, next building occupied british.

japan

firando (1609–1641)*

deshima (1641–1853)* dutch maintained trading post @ hirado, 1609 1641. japanese granted dutch trade monopoly in japan 1641 1853, solely on deshima, artificial island off coast of nagasaki. during period europeans allowed japan. chinese , korean traders still welcome, though restricted in movements.