Hierarchy formation Winner and loser effects

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xiphophorus helleri, known green swordtail


winner , loser effects can attributed formation of hierarchies. study done on xiphophorus helleri, known green swordtail had shown individuals won more assume alpha or higher ranked positions in hierarchy, while individuals lost more assume omega or lower ranked positions in hierarchy. neutral individuals have little no experience aggression interactions fall in intermediate position between winners , losers forming winner-neutral-loser (w-n-l) hierarchy.


hierarchies can effected strength of winner or loser effects acting upon it. winner effects alone typically produce linear hierarchies organism wins encounters, organism b wins encounters except against organism a, organism c loses encounters except against organism d, , organism d loses encounters. linear relationship typically shown (a > b > c > d). loser effects unlike winner effects not show linear relationship because animals experiencing loser effects not fight makes difficult assign position in hierarchy.








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