Education and examination Trần dynasty

carved wooden doors phổ minh pagoda, nam Định province, northern vietnam (13th–14th century)



bronze ceremonial helmet tran dynasty in dai-viet



statue of noble professor chu văn royal professor of tran dynasty in dai-viet



statue of noble scholar mạc Đĩnh chi of tran dynasty ancestor of emperor mạc Đăng dung.

although buddhism considered national religion of trần dynasty, confucianist education began spread across country. principal curricula during time 4 books , 5 classics, , northern history, @ beginning taught @ buddhist pagodas , gradually brought pupils in private classes organized retired officials or confucian scholars. famous teacher of trần dynasty chu văn an, official in royal court reign of trần minh tông reign of trần dụ tông, served royal professor of crown prince trần vượng. during reign of trần thánh tông, emperor permitted brother trần Ích tắc, prince known intelligence , knowledge, open own school @ prince s palace. several prominent mandarins of future royal court such mạc Đĩnh chi , bùi phóng trained @ school. official school of trần dynasty, quốc học viện, established in june 1253 teach 4 books , 5 classics royal students (thái học sinh). military school, giảng võ đường, focused on teaching war , military manoeuvre, opened in august of same year. military school, first temple of military men (võ miếu) built in thăng long worship jiang ziya , other famous generals.

seven years after establishment of trần dynasty, emperor trần thái tông ordered first imperial examination, in second lunar month of 1232, royal students purpose of choosing best scholars in Đại việt numerous high-ranking positions in royal court. 2 of top candidates in examination trương hanh , lưu diễm. after imperial examination in 1239, trần emperor began establish system of 7-year periodic examinations in order select royal students on country. prestigious title of examination tam khôi (three first laureates), composed of 3 candidates ranked first, second, , third in examination names respectively of trạng nguyên (狀元, exemplar of state), bảng nhãn (榜眼, eyes positioned alongside) , thám hoa (探花, selective talent). first tam khôi of trần dynasty trạng nguyên nguyễn hiền, 12 @ time, bảng nhãn lê văn hưu later became royal historian of trần dynasty, , thám hoa Đặng ma la. in 1256 examination, trần dynasty divided title trạng nguyên 2 categories, kinh trạng nguyên candidates northern provinces , trại trạng nguyên 2 southern provinces: thanh hóa , nghệ an, students remote regions have motivation imperial examination. separation abolished in 1275 when ruler decided no longer necessary.

in 1304, emperor trần anh tông decided standardize examination 4 different rounds in candidates eliminated step step through tests of classical texts, confucianist classics, royal document redaction, , argument , planning. examining process abandoned in 1396 emperor trần thuận tông under pressure hồ quý ly, replaced traditional examination new version part of radical reforms of social , administrative system. hồ quý ly regulated imperial examination prefectural examination (thi hương) , metropolitan examination (thi hội) following in next year. second-degree examination included 4 rounds: literary dissertation, literary composition, royal document redaction, , essay evaluated emperor in person. should noted lower-ranking officials, emperor had examination tested writing , calculating, such examination in sixth lunar month of 1261 during reign of trần thánh tông.

during 175 years of existence, trần dynasty carried out fourteen imperial examinations including ten official , 4 auxiliary contests. many laureates these examinations later became prominent officials in royal court or well-known scholars such lê văn hưu, author of historical accounts Đại việt sử ký, mạc Đĩnh chi, renowned envoy of trần dynasty yuan dynasty, or nguyễn trung ngạn, 1 of powerful officials during reign of trần minh tông.below complete list of examinations candidates ranked first in each examination: